Karakoç, Jülide2024-06-132024-06-132015978113744555197811374455442-s2.0-84959175173https://hdl.handle.net/11501/1481The uprisings that began in Tunisia in late 2010 quickly spread to other Middle Eastern countries. The emphasis during these protests was socioeconomic and political inequality. The crony capitalist policies of longstanding authoritarian regimes in these countries, which deprived the majority of people of political participation and access to economic opportunities, fueled people’s grievances. Following the manifestation of large-scale protests, first Tunisian leader Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali and then Egyptian leader Hosni Mubarak had to relinquish power. As for the Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, he was killed when protesters lynched him following NATO’s intervention. This wave of uprisings also affected other countries that remain out of the scope of this chapter. For instance, in Yemen, Ali Abdullah Saleh had to resign due to intensifying protests. While uprisings were violently oppressed in Saudi Arabia and Bahrain, they caused a civil war in Syria.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessHuman SecurityDemocracyIslamismBook Chapter199N/A172WOS:000386209400008N/A