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    Sustained effect 40-Hz visual and auditory sensory stimulations on human event-related delta phase locking
    (Elsevier, 2025) Güntekin, Bahar; Akan, Ayşenur; Özdemir, Sümeyye; Erdal, Furkan; Yırıkoğulları, Harun; Bölükbaş, Burcu; Alptekin, Simay; Ünsal, Esra; Yıldırım, Yasin; Bingöl, Elifnur; Aktürk, Tuba; Yıldırım, Ebru; Duygun, Rümeysa
    40-Hz visual and auditory sensory stimulation entrained brain activity in Alzheimer's disease (AD) animal models and is quite promising for low-cost clinical applications in telemedicine for millions of AD patients. The present study unveils for the first time the effects of 10 days of 40-Hz visual and audio stimulation on event-related EEG oscillations in healthy humans. Thirty-nine healthy adults (ages 44-60) were enrolled in this study. Thirteen participants (50.9 ys ± 4.1 SD) received 40-Hz visual-audio stimulation for 10 days (60 min/day). Eleven participants (52.3 ys ± 4 SD) received 40-Hz transcranial stimulation for 10 days (20 min/day). Fifteen participants (51.8 ys ± 4.3 SD) did not receive any stimulation as a control group. EEG from 32 electrodes was recorded during an n-back memory task, followed by time-frequency analysis. In 40 Hz sensory stimulation group, the delta phase locking was higher from the EEG recording before to one hour after the first session of the sensory stimulation (p = 0.008). Further, it increased after 10 days of the stimulation program (p=0.017). In the control no-stimulation and tACS groups, the delta phase locking was higher from the EEG recording before to one hour after the first recording session (p < 0.001). However, there was no difference between the results of the first EEG recording and those observed after 10 days of the control program. These results suggest that 40-Hz sensory stimulation can specifically entrain the brain's neurophysiological oscillatory mechanisms underpinning a robust and repetitive phase-locked event-related synchronization of EEG activity during working memory task. The effects were observed at the delta frequencies that typically couple the synchronization of brain neural activity at higher frequencies, including those of the gamma frequency, to elaborate cognitive information. The present methodology is suitable for a clinical study in AD patients.