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Öğe Comparative analysis of the carbon footprints of Mediterranean and standard American diet models(Marmara University, 2021) Arslan, Hilal; Korkmaz, Penbe MerveIn this study, the carbon footprint of the Standard American Diet (SAD), has been compared to the carbon footprint of the Mediterranean Diet (MD). The energies of the diets have been calculated as 2.500 kcal/day based on this data. The distribution of macronutrients of the MD settled as, 20% for proteins, 40% for fats, and 40% for carbohydrates, one serving of wine included in the energy requirement. The distribution of the SAD consists of 40% protein, 55% fat, and 5% carbohydrates, and also 1 liter of beer is added to the energy requirement. As a result, it has been displayed that SAD (23.20 kg CO2eq/day), causes 3.25 times more carbon footprints than the MD (7.13 kg CO2eq/day). Therefore, individuals should prioritize the consumption of plant-based sources. As a result, it has been observed that the MD has fewer negative environmental outcomes compared to SAD.Öğe High PM10 source regions and their influence on respiratory diseases in Canakkale, Turkey(Springer, 2022) Baltacı, Hakkı; Arslan, Hilal; Akkoyunlu, Bülent OktayThis study investigates the impacts of high PM10 concentrations on respiratory diseases in Canakkale, Turkey. Daily mean high-PM10 values (> 100 mu g m(-3)) and daily total numbers of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pneumonia patients are selected for different sexes and age groups (children, adults, and elderly) during the period 2007-2017. Mainly five different source regions of high-PM10 concentration levels are found as a result of implementation of Ward's minimum clustering technique to HYSPLIT 72-h backward trajectory. From 104 days, 19.2% are categorized as internal sources and are positively linked to COPD in female-adult and elderly patients at lag2 and lag3. The other sources are exhibited as external sources and originated from Europe, Sahara, Mediterranean, and Russia regions with the 34.6%, 22.1%, 13.5%, and 10.6% percentages of all episodes, respectively. During Europe-originated high-PM10 days, anthropogenic pollutants mainly cause an increase in the numbers of the elderly female (r = 0.55) and adult male pneumonia patients (r = 0.39) at lag5. Additionally, accompanied by the interaction between Genoa cyclone and surface high over Caspian Sea, natural dust particles are transferred from Sahara to Canakkale by strong southwesterly winds. As a consequence, obvious increases are shown in hospital admissions based on adult female COPD patients at lag1 (r = 0.50) and lag4 (r = 0.53). While Mediterranean origin particulate matter triggering the numbers of COPD and pneumonia-related diseases at lag2 and lag3, the region is exposed to more pneumonia diseases 2 days after arriving of Russia origin harmful pollutants.Öğe Long-term variability and trends of extended winter snowfall in Turkey and the role of teleconnection patterns(Wiley, 2020) Baltacı, Hakkı; Arslan, Hilal; Akkoyunlu, Bülent Oktay; Gomes, Helber BarrosIn this study, a climatological analysis of daily new snow cover data from 93 meteorological stations (10-2,400 m above sea level) over Turkey during the winter (December-March) period of 1967-2006 is presented. Series of snow cover depth (SCD) (>= 1 cm) and number of snowy days (SDs) were analysed to determine the variability and statistically significant trends in the snow climatology. The results showed an inverse relation between SDs and SCD over the central (CAR) and eastern (EAR) Anatolian regions. While positive trends in SDs were observed in the CAR (77% of all stations), the new SCD decreased in time. On the other hand, the intensity of the daily snowfall over the EAR increased due to decreasing (increasing) SD (SCD) trends in the region, especially between the 500 and 1,000 m layer. It was found that higher SCDs occur in the EAR during winter with positive patterns in the east Atlantic/western Russia. The daily mean sea level pressure composite maps of high SCD (>5 cm) show that strong northeasterly flows enable the penetration of cold polar air to the EAR due to the interaction between the Siberian high-pressure centre over Europe and the low-pressure centre over the Caspian Sea. These results help further understanding of the regional variation of the snowfall pattern in Turkey and its response to global climatic change.Öğe Seasonal and regional variability of wet and dry spell characteristics over Turkey(Elsevier Science Inc, 2022) Baltacı, Hakkı; Arslan, HilalUnderstanding the variations and leading atmospheric mechanisms causing wet and dry episodes are very important for the water management strategies. For this purpose, this study investigates the spatiotemporal variation and background environmental conditions for wet and dry spell lengths in Turkey. With this aim, Mann-Kendall rank statistic test and fitted ordinary least squares regression method are implemented to the 92 meteorology stations, which are homogenously distributed over Turkey, for the period 1966-2018. In terms of atmospheric circulation mechanisms, synoptic composites of NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis data (sea level pressure, air temperature at 850-hPa level, geopotential height at 500-hPa level) and sea surface temperature from NOAA High Resolution data are applied to the five years of highest frequency long dry/wet spells. According to the results, both the increasing frequencies of wet spells and their highest contribution to the precipitation are mainly found in the eastern Black Sea Region (BSR) of Turkey during all seasons, especially in spring. In this sub -region, statistically significant increasing (decreasing) springtime wet (dry) spell lengths in the neighboring five stations (i.e. Ardahan, Artvin, Bayburt, Hopa, Rize) indicated that the majority of wet spells (almost 30%) appear to occur between 3 and 5 days and the maximum number of the wet spell days are shown in the last two decades of the eastern BSR. Local quasi-stationary surface high located over eastern Black Sea (1016-hPa core) and associated weak northerly winds transfer relatively warm moist air from the sea surface (11.8 C in average). This air mass meets with cold-land and low level (6 C at 850 hPa) air masses, developing instability conditions and resulting in low precipitation rates in wet spells for the eastern BSR. On the other hand, by the extension of the south-west Asian Monsoon to the inner parts of Turkey, relatively hot dry air is transferred to the eastern BSR via southerly winds. As a result of this long-staying Asiatic monsoon characteristics, more dry days are shown in the region due to insufficient moisture and associated lack of precipitation.Öğe The influence of meteorological conditions and atmospheric circulation types on PM10 levels in western Turkey(Springer, 2019) Baltacı, Hakkı; Akkoyunlu, Bülent Oktay; Arslan, Hilal; Yetemen, Ömer; Özdemir, Emrah TuncayHigh levels of atmospheric pollutants have been frequently measured in Turkey during the last decade. Specifically, the occurrence of these high particulate matter concentrations is often related to either local-scale conditions or regional-scale transport. In order to better understand the atmospheric factors that trigger poor air quality, further research investigating the relationship between air pollution and meteorological variables or atmospheric circulation patterns is needed. In this study, the influence of synoptic-scale weather types on PM10 levels over the Aegean region of Turkey is investigated for the period 2008-2015. First of all, hourly PM10 concentrations of 13 air quality stations are respectively converted to daily, seasonal, and regional averages. The seasonal variability of PM10 values in the region indicates that high particulate matter concentrations are registered in winter, fall, spring, and summer months with mean values at 90.6 (+/- 38.3 standard deviation), 66.9 (+/- 28.3), 61.6 (+/- 23.4), and 54.1 (+/- 12.8) g m(-3), respectively. In regard to the synoptic-scale approach, eight directional and two vorticity types of the Lamb weather type (LWT) method are used in the analysis. Based on the results, poor air quality conditions are observed in all seasons during active southeasterly (SE, interaction between a low pressure over Italy and a high pressure over the Caspian Sea) circulation types (CTs). In winter, mainly easterly (E), SE, southerly (S), and anticyclonic (A) weather patterns result in above normal PM10 concentrations. In addition to these four CTs, southwesterly (SW) types also cause higher PM10 values in the spring season. During summer, SE, SW, westerly (W), and cyclonic (C) CTs are associated with above-normal PM10 values. During fall, obvious higher PM10 concentrations are found during SE, S, and A types.Öğe The influence of meteorological parameters on PM2.5 and PM10 values in Ümraniye and Silivri districts of İstanbul(Yildiz Technical University, 2023) Arslan, Hilal; Toltar, AliIn this study, spatiotemporal relationship between PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations and meteorological parameters were investigated for Silivri and Ümraniye districts in İstanbul for 2014-2020. For this purpose, hourly PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations values of two air quality monitoring stations and meteorological data (wind speed, wind direction, relative humidity, total precipitation, minimum and maximum temperature) were examined. In all seasons, while PM concentrations were lowest at 06:00 local time (LT), PM2.5 and PM10 have peak values around 09:00 and 19:00 LT both in Silivri and Ümraniye mainly due to anthropogenic activities such as vehicle exhaust emissions. In daily perspective, highest PM values were observed on Sundays in winter at Silivri. On the other side, peak PM values are shown on Fridays at Ümraniye. It was found that local emission sources during low wind speeds cause the highest PM2.5 concentrations during winter months and southerly winds exceeding 8 m/s increase the PM10 levels at Silivri and Ümraniye. The statistical analysis showed that PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations at Silivri were negatively correlated with wind speed with correlation coefficients of -0.56 (winter), -0.47 (autumn), respectively. Wind speed is negatively associated with PM2.5 (r=-0.48) and PM10 (r=-0.38) in winter season at Ümraniye. In addition to this, relative humidity showed negative relationship with PM10 (r=-0.43)in spring at Silivri, while a positive correlation was found between PM10 (r=0.40) and PM2.5 (r=0.38) measured in the summer season and the maximum temperature. In addition to the anthropogenic factors (e.g. urbanization, transportation, and industrialization) that decrease air quality of İstanbul, local meteorological variables and atmospheric transport of pollution are observed to be the other factors that contribute to air pollution.Öğe The relationship between air pollutants and respiratory diseases for the western Turkey(Turkish National Committee for Air Pollution and Control-TUNCAP, 2022) Arslan, Hilal; Baltacı, Hakkı; Şahin, Ülkü Alver; Onat, BurcuIn this study, the effects of air pollutants on respiratory diseases were investigated for the western Turkey. Daily PM10 and SO2 concentrations of four air quality monitoring stations were used, and hospital admission records of Canakkale province were provided by 18 Mart University Hospital for each age group for 2014-2018 period. The highest PM10 and SO2 concentration values during the winter season were found in Can district. Among all air quality station records in Canakkale, PM10 and SO2 values of Can Station exceeded the daily threshold limits set by WHO in 68% and 79% of the days, respectively.It was found that local and large-scale emission sources cause the highest PM10 concentrations in the cold season under low wind speed/calm weather conditions and during southerly winds that exceed 8 m/s. In terms of SO2 concentrations, the highest values were also recorded in Can district and under low wind speed conditions or during calm days, only local emission sources increase the pollutant levels. This pollution is mainly caused by thermal power plants located in Can district. Analysis on relationship between air pollutants and respiratory diseases shows that, Asthma symptoms in children (0-14) were found to be positively correlated with both SO2 concentrations (OR = 1.37; 95% Cl: 0.95-1.98) at lag 6 and PM10 concentrations (Odds ratio [OR] = 3.41; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.96-5.95). In addition, the OR value between PM10 (SO2) and COPD was found positively significant (p < 0.01) at lag6 (lag5) in adults (elderly).
