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    The effect of lean construction principles and practices on improving project management in Iraq
    (İstanbul Gedik Üniversitesi, 2022) Nayyef, Jamal Subhi Nayyef; Ghasemlounia, Redvan
    The main goals of successful construction projects is to be completed within the planned time, cost and quality, in addition to minimizing waste, polution and energy consumption. It is believed that adopting lean principles in the construction industry can help a lote in achieving those goals. This reseach aims at studying the benefits, obstacles, success factors and opportunities of adopting lean construction in the Iraqi construction industry and proposed actions. In order to meet these objectives, an exploratory method was followed including a questionnaire survey supported by direct interviews. The questionnaire was designed based on extensive review of relevant litterature. It was directed to (123) professionals of all types of the construction industry stakeholders including clients, consultants, contractors, suppliers, maufacturers and academics in both public and privet sectors in Iraq. The results were statistically analyzed and tested and found to be valid and reiable. Contradictions of very few aspects were then discussed and clarified through direct interviews with (10%) of the questionnaire respondents. The research revieled that the most important benefits are; better quality assurance with greater reliability, cost saving with higher profitability, earlier completion time with greater certainty, higher productivity with less labour and inventory, controlled environment with lower hazards, and sustainability enhancement with less energy. The most important exogenous obstacles are: lack of engineers' expertise and workers skills, lack of awareness and knowledge, lack of transparency and integrity, multiple parties in each project, lack of a long-term vision, absence of government support, inefficient transportation and logistics, hard to obtain technology and standardization, fragmented nature of the industry, improper environmental conditions, initial and additional costs, and weak stakeholders' intention. The most important endogenous obstacles are: poor team work culture, multilayer subcontracting, lack of identification and control of waste, poor feedback, high turnover of workforce, stress and pressure in deadlines, lack of prefabrication, losing some jobs due to work changes, uncertainty in production process, lack of contractor/supplier involvement, and lack of long-term relationship with suppliers. The most important proactive measures for success factors on national scale are: expertise and skills, information and communication technology, government strategy and commitment, coordination/collaboration between parties, design and process standardization, demand and market conditions, awareness and knowledge, research and development, and technology transfer. The most important proactive measures for success factors on institutional scale are: design, manufacture and construction integration, constructability and life-cycle engineering, facilities and equipment, business and finance, planning and control, organization and leadership, cost and risk management, quality assurance and work environment, supply and storage management, transportation and logistics, and procurement and contracting strategy. Finally the most important actions needed are: 1) Financial support including: non-delayed payment, business and marketing, tax exemption and levy reduction, affordable loans, and demand continuity and stability. 2) Productivity improvement including: training, mechanization, controlled environment, information and communication technology, and health and safety measures. 3) Management enhancement including: collaboration and coordination, organization and leadership, extensive planning and control, change strategy, and transportation, logistics and supply chain management. 4) Knowledge and skills leverage including: consultants' development programs, craftsmen training programs, academic education, manufacturers' and Contractors' development programs, and regulations, codes, standards and certification. and 5) Quality assurance including: design, manufacture and construction integration, design and processes standardization, causal analysis and technical solutions, product, process and people certification, and environmentally friendly life cycle engineering.