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    Inactivation of Salmonella Typhimurium in fresh-cut lettuce during chlorine washing: Assessing the impacts of free chlorine concentrations and exposure times
    (Elsevier, 2023) Possas, Aricia; Posada-Izquierdo, Guiomar Denisse; Tarlak, Fatih; Jimenez-Jimenez, Francisco; Perez-Rodriguez, Fernando
    The aim of this study was to evaluate, quantify and model the inactivation of Salmonella in fresh-cut lettuce during washings with chlorinated water at different free chlorine concentrations (FCC, 0-150 mg/L). Individual fresh-cut lettuce samples (4 cm2) were inoculated with a Salmonella culture (ca. 4 log CFU/cm2) and washed with 100-mL solutions with different FCC for different times (0-150 s). The surviving Salmonella cells recovered from samples were enumerated by plate count methodology. A fast decay on Salmonella counts was marked in the first 20 s of washing, followed by a slowing down on reductions. A maximum of 2.6 log-decrease was observed after 2.5-min washing regardless of FCC. The log-linear with tail primary model coupled with a linear secondary model was fitted to inactivation data obtained at FCC from 50 to 150 mg/L through global regression analysis, yielding a suitable model to describe Salmonella concentrations as a function of FCC and washing times (RMSE = 0.34, R2adj= 0.84). Simulations using the developed model showed inactivation rates varying from 0.17 log CFU/ s at 50 mg/L to 0.86 log CFU/s at 150 mg/L. Disinfection models on lettuce are valuable tools for the validation of control measures in the fresh-cut produce industry and for quantitative risk assessments.
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    Modelling of the Behaviour of Salmonella enterica serovar Reading on Commercial Fresh-Cut Iceberg Lettuce Stored at Different Temperatures
    (Mdpi, 2020) Tarlak, Fatih; Johannessen, Gro; Bascon Villegas, Isabel; Bolivar, Araceli; Posada-Izquierdo, Guiomar Denisse; Perez-Rodriguez, Fernando
    The aim of this study was to model the growth and survival behaviour ofSalmonellaReading and endogenous lactic acid bacteria on fresh pre-cut iceberg lettuce stored under modified atmosphere packaging for 10 days at different temperatures (4, 8 and 15 degrees C). The Baranyi and Weibull models were satisfactorily fitted to describe microbial growth and survival behaviour, respectively. Results indicated that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) could grow at all storage temperatures, whileS. Reading grew only at 15 degrees C. Specific growth rate values (mu(max)) for LAB ranged between 0.080 and 0.168 h(-1)corresponding to the temperatures 4 and 15 degrees C while forS. Reading at 15 degrees C,mu(max)= 0.056 h(-1). This result was compared with published predictive microbiology models for otherSalmonellaserovars in leafy greens, revealing that predictions from specific models could be valid for such a temperature, provided they were developed specifically in lettuce regardless of the type of serovars inoculated. The parameter delta obtained from the Weibull model for the pathogen was found to be 16.03 and 18.81 for 4 and 8 degrees C, respectively, indicating that the pathogen underwent larger reduction levels at lower temperatures (2.8 log(10)decrease at 4 degrees C). These data suggest that thisSalmonellaserovar is especially sensitive to low temperatures, under the assayed conditions, while showcasing that a correct refrigeration could be an effective measure to control microbial risk in commercial packaged lettuce. Finally, the microbiological data and models from this study will be useful to consider more specifically the behaviour ofS. Reading during transport and storage of fresh-cut lettuce, elucidating the contribution of this serovar to the risk bySalmonellain leafy green products.