Sıfır geçiş tabanlı elektronik şalter ve kaçak akım röleli hibrit bir sistemin geliştirilmesi
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2021
Yazarlar
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Yayıncı
İstanbul Gedik Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Kaçak akım röleleri günümüzde hem bireyleri elektrik çarpmalarından hem de makine ve teçhizatları aşırı akım kaynaklı arızalardan korumak amacı ile kullanılmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, Kaçak akım cihazları, insanları elektrik çarpmasından ve yangın tehlikesinden korumak için kullanılan son derece önemli cihazlardır. Bu cihazlar, elektrik hattındaki kaçak akımı tespit ederek kontaklarını açar ve hattı gerilimsiz bırakır. Piyasada kullanılan cihazların kaçak akım algılama değerleri; insan hayatı için 30 mA, yangın tehlikesinden korunmak için olanlarda ise 300 mAdir. Kaçak akım cihazları röle kontaklı (RCD) ve elektronik kaçak akım röleleri (SSR) olarak iki farklı tipte üretilmektedirler. Manyetik alan prensibine göre çalışan geleneksel röleli kaçak akım cihazlarında; rölenin enerjilenmesi, kontağı çekmesi için geçen süre, yüksek güçlü uygulamalarda kontağın aşırı ısınma sonucu yapışması, elektrik yangınlarına sebebiyet vermesi, yüksek enerji sarfiyatı gibi sorunlar mevcuttur. Elektrik çarpması ve yangın tehlikesine vakalarında elektrik akımının mümkün olan en kısa sürede sistemden kesilmesi hayati önem taşımaktadır. Bu durumları önlemek amacı ile kullanılan kaçak akım rölelerinde rölenin enerjilenip kontağı itmesi ve sistemi enerjisiz bırakmasında geçen sürenin insan hayatının kurtarılmasında mikro saniyeler düzeyinde olması gerekmektedir. Özellikle üç faz elektrik akımı kullanılan endüstriyel tesislerde sisteme elektrik enerjisinin verilmesi veya kesilmesi görevini şalterler görmektedir. Ancak piyasada genel olarak kullanılan kontaklı şalter tiplerinde elektrik enerjisinin sisteme verilmesi ya da kesilmesi esnasında ark alevi oluşmaktadır. Oluşan bu ark alevi çoğu zaman elektrik yangınları, makine ve ekipman hasarı, çalışma ortamı hasarı ve çalışanların can kaybı veya yaralanması gibi sonuçlara neden olmaktadır. Bu durumun önüne geçmek amacı ile piyasada farklı çalışma yöntemlerine sahip elektronik şalterler bulunmaktadır. Ancak özellikle yüksek güç tüketen sistemler için üretilen bu tür ürünlerin fiyatları oldukça yüksektir. Literatüre bakıldığında hem kaçak akım röleleri hem de elektronik şalterlerin içyapılarında yukarıda bahsedilen problemlerin önüne geçmek amacı ile SCR tip cihazlardan oluşan elektronik devreler kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Bu yöntemlerden biri olan sıfır geçiş yönteminin hem literatürde hem de günümüzde piyasada kullanılan ürünlerde sıklıkla kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Bu yöntem sisteme elektrik akımının alternatif akımın sıfır noktasında uygulanması ve kesilmesi temeline dayanan bir yöntemdir. Bu temel prensibe dayalı olarak çalışan kaçak akım röleleri ve elektronik şalterler piyasada ayrı ayrı iki farklı ürün olarak üretilerek kullanılmaktadır. Bu araştırmada, yüksek güç gerektiren devrelerde de kullanılabilecek sıfır geçiş tabanlı çalışan elektronik şalter ile kaçak akım rölesi hibrit bir sistem düşük maliyetli olarak geliştirilmiştir. Sistemin tasarımı, simülasyonu ve üretimi için Proteus ve Eagle programları kullanılmıştır. Sistemin yapısında kullanılan temel bileşenler sıfır geçiş tabanlı optokuplörler, triyaklar ve kontrolü sağlamak üzere bir mikrodenetleyici kullanılmıştır. Mikrodenetleyicinin programlanmasında programlama dili olarak Proton yazılımı kullanılmıştır. Geliştirilen sisteme ait ölçümler ve testler yapılarak analiz edilmiştir. Geliştirilen sistem piyasada kullanılan muadil ürünler ile çalışma yöntemi, çalışma hızı, tepki süresi ve maliyet açısından karşılaştırılıp performansları incelenmiştir. Ayrıca geliştirilen sisteme ait kaçak akım tepki süresinin gerçek senaryolar için etkinliği analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan deneylerde insanı simüle etmek amacıyla kapasitör ve dirençlerden oluşan insan vücut modeli elektrik devresi kullanılmıştır. Geliştirilen sistemin ortalama tepki süresi tespit edilmiş olup, geleneksel kaçak akım cihazlarına göre ortalama 4,1 kat daha hızlı çalıştığı gözlemlenmiştir. Geliştirilen sisteme ait insan vücudu kaçak akım değeri ve akım kesme tepki süresi değerlerinin Microsoft Excell programı kullanılarak Monte Carlo Simülasyonu sıklık/şiddet dağılımları yöntemi ile matematiksel modellenmesi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Uygulama insan vücudu direnç değeri fiziksel ve ortam kaynaklı veriler kullanılarak 5000 farklı veri seti meydana getirilmiştir. Monte Carlo simülasyon yöntemi kullanılarak elektrik akım miktarı, insan vücudunun sıcaklığı, cilt ve nem özellikleri, giyilen ayakkabı, zemin kaplaması, malzeme cinsi özelliklerine göre geliştirilen sistemin tepki süresi incelenerek matematiksel olarak hesaplanmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında, kaçak akım rölesi ve elektronik şalterden oluşan hibrit sistem tamamen özgün olarak tasarlanmıştır. Sistemin içyapısını oluşturan elektronik devre tasarımı ve yazılımlar özgün olarak geliştirilmiştir. Geliştirilen sistem hibrit olması, düşük maliyetli olması ve çalıma hızının yüksek hızlı olması açısından da özgün bir sistemdir.
Leakage current relays are mainly used to protect both human life against electrical shocks and machinery and equipment from malfunctions caused by excessive current. Residual current devices are extremely important devices used to protect people from electric shock and fire hazard. These devices detect the leakage current in the power line, open their contacts and leave the line without voltage. Leakage current detection values of devices used in the market are as follows: 30 mA for human life, 300 mA for protection from fire hazard. Residual current devices are produced as two different types as relay contacts (RCD) and electronic residual current relays (SSR). In conventional leakage current devices working according to the magnetic field principle, there are such problems as energizing the relay, the time it takes to pull the contact, sticking of the contact as a result of overheating in high power applications, causing electrical fires, and high energy consumption. In cases of electric shock and fire hazard, it is vital that the electric current is cut off from the system as soon as possible. In leakage current relays used in order to prevent these situations, the time taken for the relay to be energized and pushed the contact and de-energized the system should be at micro second time intervals to save human life. Especially in industrial plants where three-phase electrical current is used, switches serve to supply or cut off electrical energy to the system. However, in contact switch types commonly used in the market, arc flame is formed during the supply of electrical energy to the system or when it is cut off. This arc flame often causes consequences such as electrical fires, machinery and equipment damage, work environment damage, and death or injury to employees. In order to prevent this situation, there are electronic switches with different operating methods in the market. However, the prices of such products, which are produced especially for systems with high power consumption, are quite high. Literature review has revealed that electronic circuits consisting of SCR type devices are used in the internal structures of both residual current relays and electronic switches in order to prevent the problems above-mentioned. It is seen that the zero crossing method, which is one of these methods, is frequently used both in the literature and in the products used in the market today. This method is based on the application of the electric current to the system at the zero point of the alternating current and its cutting. Residual current relays and electronic switches operating based on this basic principle are produced and used as two different products in the market. In this present study, a low-cost hybrid system with zero-cross based electronic switch and residual current relay, which can be used in circuits requiring high power, has been developed. Proteus and Eagle programs were used for the design, simulation and production of the system. The basic components used in the structure of the system are zero-cross based optocouplers, triacs and a microcontroller to provide control. Proton software was used as the programming language for the programming of the microcontroller. Measurements and tests of the developed system were performed and analyzed. The developed system was compared with the equivalent products used in the market in terms of working method, working speed, reaction time and cost, and their performances were examined. In addition, the efficiency of the leakage current response time of the developed system for real scenarios was analyzed. In the experiments, electric circuit of a human body model consisting of capacitors and resistors was used to simulate the human being. The average response time of the developed system has been determined, and it has been observed that it operates an average of 4.1 times faster than conventional leakage current devices. Mathematical modeling of the human body leakage current value and current cut-off response time values of the developed system was carried out by using the Microsoft Excell program with Monte Carlo Simulation frequency / intensity distribution method. Five thousand different data sets were created by using the human body resistance value of the application, physical and environmental data. Using the Monte Carlo simulation method, the response time of the system developed according to the amount of electric current, temperature of the human body, skin and moisture properties, wearing shoes, floor covering, material type was calculated mathematically. Within the scope of the research, the hybrid system consisting of residual current relay and electronic switch was designed completely uniquely. The electronic circuit design and software that make up the internal structure of the system have beenwere uniquely developed. The developed system is a unique system in terms of being hybrid, low cost and high speed of operation.
Leakage current relays are mainly used to protect both human life against electrical shocks and machinery and equipment from malfunctions caused by excessive current. Residual current devices are extremely important devices used to protect people from electric shock and fire hazard. These devices detect the leakage current in the power line, open their contacts and leave the line without voltage. Leakage current detection values of devices used in the market are as follows: 30 mA for human life, 300 mA for protection from fire hazard. Residual current devices are produced as two different types as relay contacts (RCD) and electronic residual current relays (SSR). In conventional leakage current devices working according to the magnetic field principle, there are such problems as energizing the relay, the time it takes to pull the contact, sticking of the contact as a result of overheating in high power applications, causing electrical fires, and high energy consumption. In cases of electric shock and fire hazard, it is vital that the electric current is cut off from the system as soon as possible. In leakage current relays used in order to prevent these situations, the time taken for the relay to be energized and pushed the contact and de-energized the system should be at micro second time intervals to save human life. Especially in industrial plants where three-phase electrical current is used, switches serve to supply or cut off electrical energy to the system. However, in contact switch types commonly used in the market, arc flame is formed during the supply of electrical energy to the system or when it is cut off. This arc flame often causes consequences such as electrical fires, machinery and equipment damage, work environment damage, and death or injury to employees. In order to prevent this situation, there are electronic switches with different operating methods in the market. However, the prices of such products, which are produced especially for systems with high power consumption, are quite high. Literature review has revealed that electronic circuits consisting of SCR type devices are used in the internal structures of both residual current relays and electronic switches in order to prevent the problems above-mentioned. It is seen that the zero crossing method, which is one of these methods, is frequently used both in the literature and in the products used in the market today. This method is based on the application of the electric current to the system at the zero point of the alternating current and its cutting. Residual current relays and electronic switches operating based on this basic principle are produced and used as two different products in the market. In this present study, a low-cost hybrid system with zero-cross based electronic switch and residual current relay, which can be used in circuits requiring high power, has been developed. Proteus and Eagle programs were used for the design, simulation and production of the system. The basic components used in the structure of the system are zero-cross based optocouplers, triacs and a microcontroller to provide control. Proton software was used as the programming language for the programming of the microcontroller. Measurements and tests of the developed system were performed and analyzed. The developed system was compared with the equivalent products used in the market in terms of working method, working speed, reaction time and cost, and their performances were examined. In addition, the efficiency of the leakage current response time of the developed system for real scenarios was analyzed. In the experiments, electric circuit of a human body model consisting of capacitors and resistors was used to simulate the human being. The average response time of the developed system has been determined, and it has been observed that it operates an average of 4.1 times faster than conventional leakage current devices. Mathematical modeling of the human body leakage current value and current cut-off response time values of the developed system was carried out by using the Microsoft Excell program with Monte Carlo Simulation frequency / intensity distribution method. Five thousand different data sets were created by using the human body resistance value of the application, physical and environmental data. Using the Monte Carlo simulation method, the response time of the system developed according to the amount of electric current, temperature of the human body, skin and moisture properties, wearing shoes, floor covering, material type was calculated mathematically. Within the scope of the research, the hybrid system consisting of residual current relay and electronic switch was designed completely uniquely. The electronic circuit design and software that make up the internal structure of the system have beenwere uniquely developed. The developed system is a unique system in terms of being hybrid, low cost and high speed of operation.
Açıklama
Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Ana Bilim Dalı
Anahtar Kelimeler
Sıfır Geçiş Yöntemi, Kaçak Akım Rölesi, Elektronik Şalterler, Zero Crossing Method, Residual Current Relay, Electronic Switches
