Kıymetli evrakın ziyaı ve iptali
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2023
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
İstanbul Gedik Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Kıymetli evrakın zayi olması ve bunun neticesinde iptali TTK m. 661 vd. düzenlenen ve uygulamada sıkça karşılaşılan bir durumdur. Çalışmamızda ilk olarak kıymetli evraka yönelik genel açıklamalar yapılmıştır. Ardından kıymetli evrakın ziyaı kavramı anlatılmıştır. Son bölüm ise, senedin zayi olması halinde başvurulabilecek hukuki yollara ayrılmıştır. Kıymetli evrak hukukuna hâkim olan ilkelerden biri hak senet birlikteliğidir. Buna göre, kıymetli evrakın içerdiği hak senet olmaksızın ileri sürülemez. Hak senet birlikteliğinin istisnası ise kıymetli evrakın zayi olmasıdır. TTK'da kıymetli evrakın zayi olmasıyla alakalı bir tanımlama yapılmamıştır. Ancak gerek TTK'da gerekse TMK'da kıymetli evrakın zayi olmasıyla alakalı hükümlere yer verilmiştir. Buna karşın "zayi" kavramı TTK m.651'in gerekçesinde detaylı olarak açıklanmıştır. İlgili hükmün gerekçesine göre "Madde aynen 6762 sayılı Kanunun 563 üncü maddesinden alınmış olup, doğrudan kaynak İsv. BK m. 563'dür. Maddede (ve Tasarının diğer maddelerinde yer alan) "zayi" ve "ziya" kelimeleri yerine Öztürkçe bir kelime konulmamıştır. Bunun sebebi, her iki kelimenin tüm anlamlarını içerecek uygun bir karşılığının bulunamamasıdır. "Zayi" ve "ziya" kelimelerine sözlükler esas itibarıyla "yitmiş, mahvolmuş" anlamlarını vermektedir. Yargıtay ise yiten (kaybolan), yırtılan, okunamayacak kadar tahrip olan, elden herhangi bir şekilde çıkan (meselâ, kuyuya düşen, çıkarılamayan, rüzgârda uçan) senetleri "zayi" olmuş senet olarak kabul ediyor. Bu kelime yerine "yiten" kelimesinin kullanılması halinde, kavramın dar yorumlanabileceğinden, "yiten, elden çıkan, harap olan" şeklinde birden çok kelimenin bir arada kullanılmasının da kanun diline uymayabileceğinden endişe edilmiştir. "Zayi" bir kelime değil, anlambilim yönünden anlam yüklü bir kavram olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Medenî Kanunda da bu tür kelimelerin aynen korundukları saptanmıştır." Senedin ibrazının objektif anlamda imkânsız olması durumuna mutlak anlamda zayi, ibrazın yalnızca hak sahibi açısından imkânsız olmasına da nispi anlamda zayi denir. Kıymetli evrakın zayi olması halinde zayi esnasında senet üzerindeki hak sahibi, senedi ele geçiren kişiyi biliyorsa istirdat davası açar. Senedi ele geçiren kişiyi bilmiyorsa ya da senet esaslı unsurları anlaşılmayacak derecede tahrip olmuşsa iptal talebinde bulunur.
The loss of valuable papers and for this reason their cancellation is a situation that is regulated in article 661 of the Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102 and its continuation and is frequently encountered in practice. In our study, first of all, general explanations about valuable papers were made. Then, the concept of loss of valuable papers is explained. The last section is devoted to legal remedies that can be applied when the deed is lost. One of the principles that dominate the negotiable instruments law is the union of rights and deed. Accordingly, the right contained in the negotiable instruments cannot be asserted without the deed. The exception to the right-deed partnership is the loss of valuable papers. There is no definition in the Turkish Commercial Code regarding the loss of valuable papers. However, both the Turkish Commercial Code and the Turkish Civil Code contain provisions regarding the loss of valuable papers. On the other hand, the concept of "loss" is explained in detail in the justification of item 651 of the Turkish Commercial Code. According to the justification of the relevant provision, "The article is exactly taken from Article 563 of Law No. 6762, and the direct source is item 563 of the Swiss Code of Obligations. In the item (and in the other articles of the Draft), the words "loss" and "ziya" were not replaced by a Turkish word. This is because there is no suitable equivalent to include all the meanings of both words. The dictionaries give the meanings of "lost" and "destroyed" to the words "zayi" and "ziya" in Turkish. On the other hand, the Court of Cassation considers lost (disappeared), torn, damaged to the extent that it cannot be read, lost or disposed of in any way (for example, falling into a well, not being removed, flying in the wind) as "lost" deed. If the word "lost" is used instead of this word, it was worried that the concept could be interpreted narrowly, and that using more than one word such as "lost, lost, ruined" might not comply with the language of the law. "Loss" is not a word, it has been evaluated as a meaning-laden concept in terms of semantics. It has been determined that such words are preserved exactly in the Civil Code. If the presentation of the deed is impossible in an objective sense, it is called an absolute loss, and if the presentation is impossible only for the right holder, it is called a loss in a relative sense. If the valuable paper is lost, if the owner of the right on the deed knows the person who seized the deed at the time of loss, it files a extradition case. If the person who confiscat the deed is unknown or if the elements in the deed are damaged inexplicably requests annulment.
The loss of valuable papers and for this reason their cancellation is a situation that is regulated in article 661 of the Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102 and its continuation and is frequently encountered in practice. In our study, first of all, general explanations about valuable papers were made. Then, the concept of loss of valuable papers is explained. The last section is devoted to legal remedies that can be applied when the deed is lost. One of the principles that dominate the negotiable instruments law is the union of rights and deed. Accordingly, the right contained in the negotiable instruments cannot be asserted without the deed. The exception to the right-deed partnership is the loss of valuable papers. There is no definition in the Turkish Commercial Code regarding the loss of valuable papers. However, both the Turkish Commercial Code and the Turkish Civil Code contain provisions regarding the loss of valuable papers. On the other hand, the concept of "loss" is explained in detail in the justification of item 651 of the Turkish Commercial Code. According to the justification of the relevant provision, "The article is exactly taken from Article 563 of Law No. 6762, and the direct source is item 563 of the Swiss Code of Obligations. In the item (and in the other articles of the Draft), the words "loss" and "ziya" were not replaced by a Turkish word. This is because there is no suitable equivalent to include all the meanings of both words. The dictionaries give the meanings of "lost" and "destroyed" to the words "zayi" and "ziya" in Turkish. On the other hand, the Court of Cassation considers lost (disappeared), torn, damaged to the extent that it cannot be read, lost or disposed of in any way (for example, falling into a well, not being removed, flying in the wind) as "lost" deed. If the word "lost" is used instead of this word, it was worried that the concept could be interpreted narrowly, and that using more than one word such as "lost, lost, ruined" might not comply with the language of the law. "Loss" is not a word, it has been evaluated as a meaning-laden concept in terms of semantics. It has been determined that such words are preserved exactly in the Civil Code. If the presentation of the deed is impossible in an objective sense, it is called an absolute loss, and if the presentation is impossible only for the right holder, it is called a loss in a relative sense. If the valuable paper is lost, if the owner of the right on the deed knows the person who seized the deed at the time of loss, it files a extradition case. If the person who confiscat the deed is unknown or if the elements in the deed are damaged inexplicably requests annulment.
Açıklama
Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Özel Hukuk Ana Bilim Dalı, Özel Hukuk Bilim Dalı
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kıymetli Evrak, Zayi Olma, İptal Talebi, İstirdat Davası, Value Paper, Loss, Cancellation Request, Extradition Case
