Intellectual property and regional growth in Türkiye: a spatial analysis of education, trade, and population dynamics

This research investigates the determinants of regional economic growth in T & uuml;rkiye between 2008 and 2023, focusing on GDP persistence, population density, trade openness, education, and intellectual property rights (IPRs), particu larly patent, utility model, trademark, and industrial design registrations. Spatial panel data analysis with spatial autoregressive model (SAR), spatial durbin model (SDM), and spatial error model (SEM) is applied to 81 cities at the NUTSIIIlevel, providing a comprehensive perspective on regional dynamics. The findings confirm statistically significant spatial autocorrelation, indicating that neighboring cities influence each other's economic performance. GDP persistence and population density positively affect growth, while tertiary education negatively correlates with GDP. Trade openness is not statistically significant. Design and utility model registrations contribute positively to growth, whereas patents and trademarks show negative effects, highlighting the need for policy alignment with regional economic structures.