Impact of sandwich joint on mechanical and ballistic performance of high-hardness armor steels

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dc.contributor.authorÇelik, Ceren
dc.contributor.authorGürol, Uğur
dc.date.accessioned2025-11-28T13:49:28Z
dc.date.available2025-11-28T13:49:28Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentFakülteler, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü
dc.departmentFakülteler, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Metalurji ve Malzeme Mühendisliği Bölümü
dc.description.abstractThis study investigates the mechanical and ballistic performance of welded armor steel joints using two distinct filler materials, focusing on fully austenitic and sandwich joint configurations. Robotic gas metal arc welding (GMAW) was utilized to achieve precise and consistent welding parameters. The analysis thoroughly examined microstructure, hardness, tensile strength, Charpy impact toughness, and ballistic resistance. The fully austenitic joint offered excellent ductility and energy absorption but lacked the hardness to withstand ballistic impacts, resulting in complete penetration in the weld region. Conversely, the sandwich design, combining the exceptional toughness of the ASS layer with the superior hardness of the hard-faced interlayer, achieved excellent ballistic performance by resulting in only partial penetration (11 mm/15 mm of thickness). However, sandwich design led to a reduction in yield strength (41%), tensile strength (27%), elongation (62%), and toughness (48%) compared to the austenitic joint. It is also important to point out that in both designs, the heat-affected zone (HAZ) maintained hardness levels that were compliant with military standards (lower than 15.9 mm), ensuring structural reliability under impact conditions. Ballistic tests also confirmed that HAZ regions in both designs provided ballistic protection with a maximum penetration of 6.8 mm/15 mm. These findings underscore the balance between hardness and ductility in welded armor steels, offering critical insights for refining welding designs in defence applications. The study concludes that the sandwich design provides a robust solution for applications demanding high ballistic resistance, with potential implications for the defence industry in establishing new standards for welded armor steel joints.
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/s40194-025-02023-4
dc.identifier.endpage3052
dc.identifier.issn0043-2288
dc.identifier.issn1878-6669
dc.identifier.issue10
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105001484151
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ2
dc.identifier.startpage3031
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-025-02023-4
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11501/2515
dc.identifier.volume69
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001455738100001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ2
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.institutionauthorÇelik, Ceren
dc.institutionauthorGürol, Uğur
dc.institutionauthorid0000-0002-3205-7226
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherSpringer
dc.relation.ispartofWelding in the World
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.relation.tubitakinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/TUBITAK/SOBAG/5210029
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subjectArmor Steel
dc.subjectBallistic Resistance
dc.subjectMechanical Properties
dc.subjectMicrostructural Characterization
dc.subjectRobotic Gas Metal Arc Welding
dc.subjectSandwich Joints
dc.titleImpact of sandwich joint on mechanical and ballistic performance of high-hardness armor steels
dc.typeArticle

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