Modeling and optimization of NLOS underwater optical channels using QAM-OFDM technique

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dc.contributor.authorHamdullah, Noor Abdulqader
dc.contributor.authorÇevik, Mesut
dc.contributor.authorFarhan, Hameed Mutlag
dc.contributor.authorDuru, İzzet Paruğ
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-06T11:14:43Z
dc.date.available2026-02-06T11:14:43Z
dc.date.issued2026
dc.departmentMeslek Yüksekokulu, Gedik Meslek Yüksekokulu, Tıbbi Görüntüleme Teknikleri Programı
dc.description.abstractDue to increasing human activities underwater, there is a growing demand for high-speed underwater optical communication (UOWC) data links for security surveillance, environmental monitoring, pipeline inspection, and other applications. Line-of-sight communication is impossible under certain conditions due to misalignment, physical obstructions, irregular usage, and difficulty adjusting the receiver orientation, especially when used in environments with mobile users or submerged sensor networks. Therefore, non-line-of-sight (NLOS) optical communication is used in this study. Advanced modulation schemes—quadrature amplitude modulation and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (QAM-OFDM)—were used to transmit the signal underwater between two network nodes. QAM increases the data transfer rate, while OFDM reduces dispersion and inter-symbol interference (ISI). The proposed UOWC system is investigated using a 532 nm green laser diode (LD). Reliable high-speed data transmission of up to 15 Gbps is achieved over horizontal distances of 134 m, 43 m, 21 m, and 5 m in four different aquatic environments—pure water (PW), clear ocean (CLO), coastal ocean (COO), and harbor II (HarII), respectively. The system achieves effectively error-free performance within the simulation duration (BER < 10−9), with a received optical signal power of approximately −41.5 dBm. Clear constellation patterns and low BER values are observed, confirming the robustness of the proposed architecture. Despite the limitations imposed by non-line-of-sight (NLOS) communication and the diversity aquatic environments, our proposed architecture excels at underwater long-distance data transmission at high speeds.
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/photonics13010099
dc.identifier.issn2304-6732
dc.identifier.issue1
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105028585776
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ2
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13010099
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11501/2612
dc.identifier.volume13
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001672079100001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ3
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.institutionauthorDuru, İzzet Paruğ
dc.institutionauthorid0000-0002-9227-2497
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherMultidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
dc.relation.ispartofPhotonics
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subjectBit Error Rate (BER)
dc.subjectData Transmission
dc.subjectQAM-OFDM
dc.subjectQuadrature Amplitude Modulation
dc.subjectUnderwater Wireless Communication
dc.subjectUOWC
dc.titleModeling and optimization of NLOS underwater optical channels using QAM-OFDM technique
dc.typeArticle

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