Non-invasive Raman and XRF study of Mīnā’ī decoration, the first sophisticated painted enamels

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dc.contributor.authorColomban, Philippe
dc.contributor.authorŞimşek Franci, Gülsu
dc.contributor.authorNgo, Anh-Tu
dc.contributor.authorGallet, Xavier
dc.date.accessioned2025-02-20T06:02:24Z
dc.date.available2025-02-20T06:02:24Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentFakülteler, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Metalurji ve Malzeme Mühendisliği Bölümü
dc.description.abstractMīnā’ī wares, crafted during the 12th–13th centuries, represent some of the earliest examples of sophisticated painted enamel decoration by potters. Due to the thinness of these enamel layers, their detailed characterization remains challenging, even with the use of advanced techniques, such as Proton-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) analysis and Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS). This study provides the first combined non-invasive analysis, using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Raman spectroscopy, of five shards attributed to mīnā’ī wares. For comparison, two İznik shards from the 17th century, which feature similarly styled but thicker enamel decorations, were also analyzed. Interestingly, the mīnā’ī paste was found to contain lead and tin, suggesting the use of a lead-rich frit in its composition. This finding was confirmed through micro-destructive analysis, using Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM–EDS). Elements, such as rubidium (Rb), strontium (Sr), yttrium (Y), and zirconium (Zr), produced significant XRF signals and effectively distinguished mīnā’ī wares from İznik wares. A uniform tin-rich glaze, measuring 300–500 µm in thickness, was used as a base layer for the much thinner painted mīnā’ī enamels. The colored areas (blue, turquoise, red, green, black, white, eggplant) revealed the presence of various coloring agents and phases, such as spinels, chromite, and ions like Cu2+ and Co2+, as well as opacifiers like cassiterite and lead–calcium/potassium arsenates. Two distinct cobalt sources were identified: one associated with arsenic and the other with manganese and nickel. These cobalt sources are comparable to those used in İznik pottery. For the first time, boron was detected in the blue enamel of mīnā’ī wares.
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/ma18030575
dc.identifier.issn1996-1944
dc.identifier.issue3
dc.identifier.pmid39942241
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85217664717
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ2
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3390/ma18030575
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11501/2065
dc.identifier.volume18
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001418641400001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.institutionauthorŞimşek Franci, Gülsu
dc.institutionauthorid0000-0001-9050-5819
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherMultidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
dc.relation.ispartofMaterials
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.subjectBlue
dc.subjectBoron
dc.subjectCassiterite
dc.subjectComposition
dc.subjectFritware
dc.subjectIran
dc.subjectMīnā’ī
dc.subjectPainted Enamels
dc.subjectPigments
dc.subjectpXRF
dc.subjectRaman Spectroscopy
dc.subjectSeljuks
dc.subjectThickness
dc.subjectWhite
dc.subjectİznik
dc.titleNon-invasive Raman and XRF study of Mīnā’ī decoration, the first sophisticated painted enamels
dc.typeArticle

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